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Abstract
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Debris flows and landslides cause significant damage worldwide each year. To reduce these damages, it is crucial to get an accurate estimate of flow formation and its features. Because their governing equations are complex, analysing these flows is difficult, and numerical solutions are often used. The RAMMS model is one of the most popular tools for debris flow modelling, using the Voellmy-fluid friction model to simulate debris flows. This model requires relatively little input data, including the DEM map, Voellmy friction coefficients [the Dry-Coulomb friction coefficient () and the viscous-turbulent friction coefficient ()], inflow conditions, and initial flow direction. To assess how different input data affect uncertainties in RAMMS outputs, a real debris flow event with available observed data was simulated and calibrated based on its high-resolution DEM (1 m).
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