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Abstract
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Brown macroalgae (Padina sp.) is now being repurposed as an eco-friendly biomass source for bio-oil fuel generation. In this research, two catalysts, Amberlyst-15 and ZSM-5, were prepared and utilized. The results revealed that the catalyst's acidity played a crucial role in enhancing deoxygenation and aromatization, resulting in a maximum bio-oil yield of approximately 40% under optimized conditions determined through statistical analysis. Analyzing the bio-oil compositions, it was found that a 2wt% loading of Amberlyst-15 exhibited the highest performance, yielding about 49.88% of hydrocarbon compounds. Furthermore, the catalytic efficiency of Amberlyst-15 was compared with commercial catalysts like zeolite (ZSM-5), demonstrating superior stability in the production of aromatic hydrocarbon yield in the upgraded oil. Additionally, a reaction network for aromatic hydrocarbon production was proposed, and the associated reaction rate constants were determined. This study presents a sustainable method for efficiently producing high-quality bio-oil fuel from waste biomass pyrolysis, leading to a considerable product.
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